Short "proof" of the claim made in the note on expected value using Calculus. Let S(q) = sum for k=0 to infinity of q^k. If q<1, this "geometric series" converges and is equal to 1/(1-q). (e.g. S(1/2) = 1 + 1/2 + (1/2)^2 + (1/2)^3 + ... = 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... = 1/(1-1/2) = 2) The derivative of S(q) can be seen to equal S'(q) = 1/(1-q)^2 It's also true that S'(q) = sum for k=0 to infinity of k*q^(k-1) So, sum for k=0 to infinity of k*q^(k-1) = 1/(1-q)^2 In our case, q=19/20.
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