An explanation of how http://primepuzzle.com/tc/factor.tc works.

factor starts off, after declaring the local variables it uses, by
asking the user for the number to factor. It then asks if you want to
see the prime numbers it will generate (verbose mode). The array p is
loaded with primes. The tested condition in the loop uses the fact that
you only need to check prime divisors that are less than the square root
of the upper limit. This is so because *both* prime factors of non-prime
numbers can't be bigger than the square root of the upper limit because
this would imply their *product* would be bigger than the upper limit, a
contradiction. Since tiny-c doesn't do square roots, we require the
square be less than the upper limit. Also, all primes, save the
number 2, are odd so we can bump up the prime candidate by 2 each
time.

You try to divide the number you are factoring by the primes, in order.
If divisible, print the prime and divide the number by the prime and
continue. Otherwise, go to the next prime. f will eventually become 1
which will cause an exit from the loop.